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제 16 호 Economic Conflicts in Great Britain

Kicker: WORLD (British Economy) Economic Conflicts in the United Kingdom The Resignation of the British Prime Minister Yeong-Jin Choi, Editor pch39067@gmail.com Do you know the issue that the newly designated* Prime Minister of UK, Liz Truss, the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government of UK, has resigned her job only after 45 days? Normally, the Prime Ministers are elected in a five-year term. This implies that Liz Truss’s early resignation had its critical reason to do so. Before deeply illustrating how and why Liz Truss has resigned, I believe it would be more helpful to know about the form of UK’s government first. What is special about the government of UK is that it is both parliamentary* and monarchy*. The government of UK, also called as His Majesty’s Government, is the central executive authority of UK and Northern Ireland. The government is led by the Prime Minister who selects all the other ministers. The king of UK does not govern the country but stands as a symbol of the royal family in the UK. The Prime Minister, a de facto head of the government, and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet*. As a person who holds so much authority who guides the law-making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party and so on, it is barely understandable for the Prime Ministers to step down the position before completing their term. Therefore, in this article, I would like to share how former Prime Minister Liz Truss initiated a massive negative impact on the British economy, and the new government’s way of reversing Truss’s idiotic economic policies. *Designate: To choose someone officially to do a particular job. *Parliament: In some countries, the group of usually elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country. *Monarchy: The system of having a king or queen. *Cabinet: A small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions. Mistakes the Former Prime Minister Made Liz Truss, the former Prime Minister of UK has tried to push through an aggressive tax cutting policy in her first days. With inflation soaring and markets on edge, her policies were severely criticized that it was simply the worst timing to initiate such policies. Truss argued that an urgent action had been required to grow the economy, despite market turmoil since they were announced in mid-September. Truss added that she was prepared to do what it takes to make that happen and show that she was willing to take the criticism and risk to go through her financial policies on budget cuts. The motivation of her so-called “Kamikaze*” policy was because UK was facing a very serious situation, a global crisis which has been brought about by the aftermath of COVID-19 and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. A former Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng highlighted the prime minister’s main message. He said that they are sticking to the growth plan and are going to help people with energy bills. However, the economy of UK did not turn out to be optimistic. On September 23, Truss looked on as Kwarteng, her Chancellor of the Exchequer*, put forward a mini budget that would cut taxes on top earners, remove a cap on bankers’ bonuses, and cancel a planned corporate-tax hike. Almost everyone, except a few wealthy people, opposed her policies. They thought tax cuts for millionaires was unreasonable when Middle Britain, the normal working-class of UK, struggled with high energy bills, rampant inflation, and rising mortgage costs. This resulted in the value of their nation’s currency, pound, to plummet, and to make the Bank of England to interfere and stabilize the British economy. After her misled policies, Truss admitted that she made a mistake and was forced into U-turn on tax only after a week of market turmoil*, reversing a cut to the highest rate of income tax that helped spark turmoil in financial markets and a rebellion in her party. While the pound has recovered from its depths, government bonds have mostly failed to recoup the historic losses incurred from the mini budget, along with the exception of long-dated debt which is subject to Bank of England support. Investors, economists, and critics say that the reversal of Truss’s budget cuts was a step in the right direction, but the government needs to go further than that. *Kamikaze: A sudden violent attack on an enemy, especially one in which the person or people attacking know that they will be killed. *Chancellor of the Exchequer: The person in the UK government who is responsible for deciding tax levels and how much money the government can spend. *Turmoil: A state of confusion, uncertainty, or disorder. Efforts to Undo Truss’s Financial Policies Jeremy Hunt, Chancellor of Exchequer To undo Truss’s work, Britain’s new finance minister Jeremy Hunt scrapped former Prime Minister Liz Truss’s economic plan. Hunt told to the parliament, “We are a country that funds our promises and pays our debts”. Under the new policy, most of Truss’s 45 billion pounds of unfunded tax cuts will go and the two-year energy subsidy scheme for households and businesses is expected to cost well over 100 billion pounds, which will be curtailed* in April. “No government can control markets. But every government can give certainty about the sustainability of public finances, and that is one of factors that influences how markets behave. And for that reason, although the Prime Minister (Lis Truss) and I are both committed to cutting corporation tax.” Hunt said, during his speech. He also pointed out that the British government will first, reverse almost all the tax measures announced in the growth plans, second, to cut the basic rate of income tax to 19 percent from April 2023, and last but not least, to guarantee energy price as it is the biggest single expense in the Growth Plan. “And I remain extremely confident about the U.K.’s long-term economic prospects, as we deliver our mission to go for growth. But growth requires confidence and stability. And UK will always pay its way.” Hunt added. *Curtail: To stop something before it is finished, or to reduce or limit something. What citizens expect from their government is to initiate policies that are beneficial to the majority of the people, not promoting policies that seem irrelevant. Governments that promote policies that only privileges the few are based on injustice. To push ahead a certain policy and reverse it both takes a lot of time and money, and I most sincerely hope that this does not happen in our country. Sources: https://url.kr/itv7ap https://url.kr/vkojf9 https://url.kr/qrynt5 https://url.kr/8iakem https://url.kr/o49zc8 https://url.kr/m75941

• 작성일 2022-11-30
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제 16 호 Valuable Asset for Out Future: UNESCO Global Geoparks

Kicker: WORLD Valuable Asset for Out Future: UNESCO Global Geoparks By Da-Hwee Kim, Editor-in-chief elfnme@naver.com What do you think of when you think of UNESCO? Yes, many people will think of World Heritage Sites first. However, among those designated by UNESCO, there are some that are as important as World Heritage Sites. It is Global Geoparks. In this article, I would like to introduce a variety of information about Global Geoparks, a concept that is unfamiliar to many people. Shall we begin? https://en.unesco.org/global-geoparks What are UNESCO Global Geoparks? A UNESCO Global Geopark is a single, unified geographical area where attractions and landscapes of global geological value are managed with the concepts of protection, education, and sustainable development. UNESCO's Geopark work first began in 2001. In 2004, 17 geoparks in Europe and 8 geoparks in China came together at UNESCO headquarters in Paris to form the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) (link is external). It is a global network of exchange and cooperation. On 17 November 2015, UNESCO's 195 Member States ratified the creation of a new name, UNESCO Global Geoparks, at the 38th UNESCO General Assembly. This represents the recognition of the importance of holistic management of outstanding geological sites and landscapes. Approach for the UGGp UNESCO Global Geoparks actively encourage local communities and residents to participate in geoparks as stakeholders. Bottom-up approaches that combine conservation and sustainable development, particularly involving local communities (eg landowners, community groups, tourism providers, indigenous and local groups), are becoming increasingly popular. Its main goal is to meet the social and economic needs of local residents through partnerships with local communities, while at the same time protecting the natural landscape in which they live and preserving their cultural identity. How many Global Geoparks are there? There are currently 177 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 46 countries. China is the country that has the largest number of Global Geoparks. One interesting fact is that there are not yet UGGps in the USA. In South Korea, four sites (Jeju Island, Cheongsong, Mudeungsan Area, and Hantan River) have been certified as UNESCO Global Geoparks.https://geopark.gwangju.go.kr/ How to become a geopark Actually, any country can apply for a UNESCO Global Geopark. However, there are four fundamental features to a UNESCO Global Geopark: Geological heritage of international value, management, visibility, and networking. These features are an absolute prerequisite for an area to become a UNESCO Global Geopark. Before making an official application, UNESCO Global Geopark aspirants must submit a letter of intent through official channels as specified in the UNESCO Global Geoparks Act and Operational Guidelines. UNESCO also provides a checklist to guide them through preparing the application file, so the aspirants should make sure that they meet the criteria before applying. As with all procedures, this designation process is quite complex. It is hard to list them all here, but here is a quick summary: Preparation before sending a candidature -> Sending the application -> Evaluation mission -> Decision process Once a UGGp, always a UGGp? Do you think that once designated as UGGp, that status will last forever? If you thought so, you are mistaken. After four years of receiving this designation, UNESCO Global Geoparks undergo a thorough review of the function and quality of each UNESCO Global Geopark during the recertification process. As part of the revalidation process, UNESCO Global Geoparks under review are required to prepare progress reports, and two evaluators will be on-site to revalidate the quality of UNESCO Global Geoparks. If a UNESCO Global Geopark continues to meet the criteria according to the site assessment report, the site will remain a UNESCO Global Geopark for an additional four years (the so-called "Green Card"). If the district no longer meets the criteria, the governing body is notified to take appropriate action within two years (a so-called “yellow card”). If a UNESCO Global Geopark does not meet the criteria within two years of receiving its 'yellow card', it will, unfortunately, lose its status as a UNESCO Global Geopark (so-called 'red card'). Significance of UGGp The MDGs (The Millennium Development Goals) had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. In 2015, its implementation target deadline had expired. As a result, governments needed to continue working towards the goal and address new challenges. Therefore, at the 70th UN General Assembly in 2015, the agenda was decided to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. These are the 17 common goals of humankind to realize the ideology of sustainable development. In the SDGs, the UN sets out 17 goals and 169 directions for humanity to move forward in the five areas of human, earth, prosperity, peace, and partnership with the slogan of 'Leave no one behind'. The environment plays a huge role here, and UNESCO Global Geoparks have great significance in this regard. This is because they promote respect for the environment and the integrity of the landscape while promoting sustainable use and necessity. After reading the article, I hope you know a little bit about UGGp. If you want to know more, it would be nice to visit the official website: (https://en.unesco.org/global-geoparks). Sources: https://en.unesco.org/global-geoparks https://geopark.gwangju.go.kr/ https://www.koreageoparks.kr/topublic/geoDefine/unescoGeoPark.do?menuNo=538 https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml

• 작성일 2022-11-30
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제 15 호 Will There Be a No Smoking Generation?

Kicker: WORLD Will There Be a No Smoking Generation? by Ji-Min Baek, Cub-reporter pjm5875@naver.com In order to prevent the next generation from smoking, New Zealand will introduce a so-called ‘no smoking law’ that prohibits people born after 2009 from buying cigarettes even when they become an adult. If the law finally passes the parliament, 51 years later, in 2073, New Zealanders under the age of 65 will not be able to legally purchase cigarettes, making them a non-smoking generation. As such, New Zealand aims to make non-smoking areas throughout New Zealand within the next four years by implementing regulations that make smoking difficult. Background to New Zealand's Smoke Free Initiation The smoking rate in New Zealand has decreased every year, falling from 18% in 2008 to 11.6% in 2018. However, Maori and Polynesian residents, who are native New Zealanders, show relatively high smoking rates at 29% and 18%, respectively. It is also well known. Apparently, smoking is one of the big health threats. Various toxic substances and carcinogens in cigarettes enter the lungs through cigarette smoke and damage all cells and organs in our body. In addition, it acts directly on the gums and bronchial tubes, causing chronic inflammation. This smoking poses a huge risk to health. In response, New Zealand's Vice Health Minister Ayesha Verrall pointed out that New Zealand was imposing more restrictions on sandwich sales than tobacco sales. He also explained the purpose of the bill, saying, "Our main purpose of introducing the law is to protect precious people such as the people, families, and local communities." A Series of Smoke Free Introductions from Other Countries In the UK, in order to lower the smoking rate, the government is pushing to gradually increase the age of tobacco purchases by one year every year and eventually ban them completely. According to a new policy recommendation report, the age of cigarettes to be purchased is raised by one year every year from the current 18 and finally banned altogether. By 2030, the country plans to reduce the smoking rate to less than 5 percent and make it a non-smoking society. Malaysia is promoting a bill banning tobacco sales to people born after a certain point in time. The Malaysian government is reviewing the bill to reduce future generations' exposure to smoking as smoking is the main cause of cancer. If passed, all tobacco-related products, including regular cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, will be banned from being sold to people born after 2005. Similarly, Denmark is considering banning the sale of tobacco and tobacco-related products to anyone born after 2010. A Voice of Concern Despite these initiatives, there are concerns that the black market is prevalent and causes illegal transactions. There are also criticisms that it will add to the economic burden of low-income people who smoke. In addition to banning tobacco purchases for creating a smoking-free society, New Zealand also includes a decrease in nicotine content, a decrease in cigarette retailers, and an expansion of the budget for tobacco addiction services.A professor at the University of Auckland, a public health expert, said, "The government's plan, especially allowing the sale of cigarettes with lower nicotine content, is the first in the world," adding, "It will lead the world in terms of health." Following New Zealand's first effort to create a smoking cessation generation, it is better to pay attention to the global trend at a time when other countries are also participating. Sources: https://www.theguru.co.kr/news/article.html?no=38730 https://biz.chosun.com/international/international_general/2022/06/09/7WP2T55WPNEQVDEUTS6H2BUNTA/?utm_source=naver&utm_medium=original&utm_campaign=biz https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022072717000004012?did=NA https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20211209_0001682223&cID=10101&pID=10100

• 작성일 2022-08-31
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제 15 호 Türkiye: Sudden, Yet Fresh New Nametag Fixed for Turkey

Kicker : WORLD Türkiye: Sudden, Yet Fresh New Nametag Fixed for Turkey Unclear Intention Hiding Beneath the Sudden Name Swap Do-Hyuk Kim, Reporter ndapple0921@gmail.com The word ‘turkey’ is widely known as a kind of species of birds, or a typical menu that Americans mostly consume every year when Thanksgiving comes back. Having that word as a name for one country might make toddlers learning names of global nations laugh, but Turkey was known as a ‘Turkey’ since when modern Turkey was established in 1923. A century-long name ‘Turkey’ suddenly disappeared into history, because Turkey now is officially called as ‘Türkiye.’ Approval of the United Nations on June 1st, 2022 confirmed Turkey’s new name. Quite foreign, isn’t it? Changing the name of a nation scarcely appears in pages of history books, and Türkiye has just left a new bookmark to history of the world. From now on, we should now be acquainted with Türkiye’s new name. What event derived this unexpected surprise from Türkiye to come along? Since changing the name of a country is such a massive event in terms of a nation’s global image, awareness and economics, it might take years to become realized and could face controversies. But Turkey’s switch to Türkiye felt like it was done in quite a hurry. Let’s find about their true intentions behind this historical event. Korea Also Has the History of Name Change Before diving into specific Türkiye’s situation, we need to think about what changing the name of a country can deliver to a nation in terms of economics and a nation’s social status within the international society. Take our country’s name, ‘Korea’ for example. South Korea’s name originated from ‘Corea’, which was used over previous centuries and was widely known as a derivative of Core, that started life as a representative of the Goryeo Dynasty. Then passing through both the time of enlightenment and Japanese occupation, the name Corea has changed into Korea. That’s mainly because Americans often used ‘Korea’ when making reference to both nations of the Korean peninsula. Even though the name change to Korea was not our intention, the new letter ‘K’ in front of our country’s name is actively working as a symbol much later on. The highly popular K-POP and other fields that South Korea is ahead of the game are all tied as K-something to all other global populations. That made an entirely new culture to foreigners which from this moment on, when the country’s name and the letter ‘K’ are associated, most people recall South Korea inside their heads. Our country’s example clearly stresses the importance of the name of one nation, which can influence further more into a country’s status among global citizens’ awareness. Now the Name Türkiye Is Officially Confirmed Then, let’s come back to our topic, Türkiye. The previous name ‘Turkey’ meant a roasted, big chicken that is used to celebrate a holiday, and no such thing impressed others worldwide. Turkey was an English expression of the ‘land of Turkish people’, and people of Türkiye say that they have a long history of referring to their nation as Türkiye, instead of Turkey. Türkiye is mostly consisted of Turks, as statistics say they are around three-fourth of all Türkiye’s population. So basically, Türkiye means country of Turks – which is not that surprising since when you break down the word ‘Türkiye’, it is basically a combination of suffix ‘-iye’ and Turks, resulting in ‘land of Turks’ in its complete form. The entire episode shows that the process or history of the country’s name change to Türkiye is the other way around of our country. Türkiye tried to retrieve their original spirit by reverting the name how they have read ever since, throwing away the English name that foreigners had given. That is completely opposite of South Korea. Appearance of ‘Türkiye’ IsErdoğan’s Bid for Victory If you consider Türkiye’s name change as a pure intention to pursue their own identity, that would be fine. But there are some reasons why it had to happen now. To find out, we need to take a look at Türkiye’s government. The current president of Türkiye is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and he was forced into a corner because of dropping approval rate of himself and the party he belongs to. The AK Party that President Erdoğan is included in recorded over forty percent of approval rate when Erdoğan was elected four years ago in 2018, but currently it has dropped to near thirty percent. Skyrocketing prices of necessities because of inflation caused by the aftermath of COVID-19 and the Ukrainian War are making things even worse, driving Erdoğan to pull up a tactic that would flip this atmosphere. The name change to Türkiye is what Erdoğan’s government came up with. They expected that their trickery would persuade nationalists to give support back to Erdoğan’s government and drag off regular citizen’s attentions from the economic crisis. Sounds like cheating, and the cheat did not work. People of Türkiye are currently running out of time to consider political issues, because inflation graph of Türkiye is too steep for them to cope with. Most major media is reporting stagflation has arrived in their country every evening in their news, but Türkiye’s one is out of the world severe – recorded over seventy percent. Some of Türkiye’s experts and official statement from Erdoğan’s government refused the proposal made from the West of Atlantic claiming Turkish government’s espionage over their citizens to revert their commanding status, arguing that it was just an attempt to break down long-lived connection with a bird species, but who could possibly guess the real intention behind this decision? Interestingly, though, Erdoğan revived his approval rate partially because of his recent signature on memorandum of understanding that involved Sweden and Finland, instead of enthusiastic response shown from Turkish citizens derived from the name swap to Türkiye. The long-awaited entrance of Sweden and Finland into NATO gave a chance to Erdoğan to bolster his suppressive attitude toward the Kurds, which is a minority group that often spell trouble for the Turks. Swedes can no longer give support to Kurds because of this deal, and Erdoğan received a warm welcome from nationalists and Turkish extremists. So Erdoğan achieved his goal by an unexpected chance, but it is pretty certain that the name change to Türkiye did not make its mark that much. Joe Biden made a statement congratulating this agreement after this big deal was achieved, but there was a small trap that would upset Erdoğan. Instead of calling Türkiye as Türkiye, the paper from the White House stubbornly referred to them as ‘Turkey.’ This purposeful mistake quietly implied that the United States was annoyed by Erdoğan’s attempt to escape from English’s influence, but the official steps of changing the name are already done. I think this event shows that Erdoğan’s confidential operation has a long way to be established worldwide. South Korea has a long history of an intimate relationship with Türkiye. Türkiye’s support during the Korean War helped South Korea to be established and defend from the attack from the Communists. This close relationship constructed by noble sacrifices continues until today. Even after changing their name to Türkiye, we should soldier on, since it might be the time to further reinforce this friendliness thanks to Americans that are not very happy about this event. Let’s remind ourselves that Turkey is now Türkiye and call their proper name from this moment on. Because calling their real name frequently is the fundamental process in building a proper relationship. Oh, and Türkiye and us both share a history of changing our names, too. Sources: https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/89987 https://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/26746L0EFO https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2022063010512035468 http://www.ggilbo.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=921772 https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/29/middleeast/turkey-nato-erdogan-mime-intl/index.html https://cdnuploads.aa.com.tr/uploads/Contents/2022/03/21/thumbs_b_c_87105e5cc481e6aff0d88dc2a60217a8.jpg?v=125039 (Image 1) https://balkaninsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/h_57202283-scaled-e1634042137822.jpg (Image 2)

• 작성일 2022-08-31
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제 15 호 The Most Beautiful Language in the World - Sign Language

Kicker: WORLD The Most Beautiful Language in the World - Sign Language by Da-hwee Kim, Cub-reporter elfnme@naver.com International Week of Deaf People 2022 - WFD (wfdeaf.org) Do you know what day is 23rd September? It is the International Day of Sign Languages!The UN General Assembly has proclaimed 23 September as the International Day of Sign Languages in order to raise awareness of the importance of sign language in the full realization of the human rights of people who are deaf. In this article, we will find out some interesting facts about the history of sign language first. Then we will go a little bit further and dive into the story of the Korean Sign Language. Finally, we will figure out the value and the importance of it. What Is a Sign Language? Sign language is a visual language that is expressed through body movements instead of words. It relies on signals seen in the hands, eyes, facial expressions, and movements, and is primarily used by people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Like other spoken languages, sign language has grammar and structure rules and has evolved over time. As with spoken language, there is no "universal" sign language. Different countries usually have their own versions of sign language that are unique to regions and cultures. For example, it is different from American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) spoken in the UK. Oral languages have different dialects or intonations, but sign language has different signs and gestures. When Was the World’s First Sign Language Invented? The first to create an official sign language for the deaf was 16th-century Spanish Benedictine monk Pedro Ponce de León. Benedictine monks used them to carry messages during daily silence. Inspired by this, he applied the gestures used in monasteries to create a method for teaching deaf people to communicate. And this paved the way for systems that are now used around the world. A little later, in 1755, the French Catholic priest Charles-Michel de l'Épée devised a better way to educate the deaf. It was the founding of the National Institute for Deaf-Mutes in Paris, the first public school for deaf children. At the time, deaf students from all over France came to the institute with signs they use to communicate at home. Épee created a dictionary of symbols by applying these symbols and adding their own manual alphabets. For his achievements and the establishment of 21 schools, Épée became known as the father of the deaf. The efforts of these diverse people not only allowed the development of formal sign language, but also made all the different spoken languages accessible to people who are deaf. Current Status of Sign Language According to the World Federation of the Deaf, there are more than 70 million deaf people worldwide. More than 80% of them live in developing countries. They also collectively use over 300 different sign language. Sign language is a completely natural language that is structurally distinct from spoken language. There is also a separate International Sign Language that deaf people use informally at international conferences or when traveling and socializing. It is often considered a pidgin form of sign language, which is not as complex as natural sign language and has a limited vocabulary. 수화 언어 (hankookilbo.com) The History of Korean Sign Language The establishment period of sign language can be seen as a natural expression used by the deaf while living in Korea and for communication between the deaf. Although we do not know the exact details, it is said that sign language was started as a means of communication between the deaf in Korea in 1909, when the first school for the deaf was opened in Pyongyang. Rosetta Thurwood Hall, an American Methodist female medical missionary, trained Korean Ik-min Lee and his nephew at the Chefoo, China's first school for the deaf, to establish the Pyongyang School for the Blind in 1909. This started deaf education. Although the establishment of the school for deaf students was done by Mrs. Hall, the education was considered to be run by the Korean principal Ik-min Lee and his nephew. Therefore, it is considered that the use of Korean sign language in Korea was naturally used as a means of communication between deaf children because deaf children live together to receive an education. Korean Sign Language Day This day was established to commemorate the enactment of the Korean Sign Language Language Act, and it is February 3rd every year. This is a day to commemorate the enactment of the 'Korean Sign Language Language Act', the day on which Korean sign language was recognized as the official language of the deaf which has the same qualifications as the Korean language. The related bill designating 'Korean Sign Language Day' as February 3 was proposed in September 2020, but as it was promulgated in December, the actual implementation year is from 2021. Accordingly, the week to which this day belongs is 'Korean Sign Language Week' ', and the state and local governments can hold an event to commemorate 'Korean Sign Language Day'. ‘Korean Sign Language Day’ is also a legal anniversary related to language along with ‘Hangeul Day (October 9)’ and ‘Hangeul Braille Day (November 4)’. Importance and Value For non-disabled people, it may not be easy to feel the importance of sign language in daily life. However, as mentioned before, today there are over 300 different sign languages spoken by over 72 million deaf or hard of hearing people worldwide. It can be seen that this is a fairly small number. So, we will all need to think more about the value of sign language and pay attention to it. Sources: https://www.un.org/en/observances/sign-languages-day https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/creation-of-sign-language#:~:text=The%20first%20person%20credited%20with,16th%2Dcentury%20Spanish%20Benedictine%20monk. http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0031792 https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=6478313&cid=43667&categoryId=43667 https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sign-language

• 작성일 2022-08-30
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제 14 호 Life of Korean Migrants in the Japanese Colonial Period

Kicker: WORLD (HISTORY) Life of Korean Migrants in the Japanese Colonial Period the Life which Is Seen Through the Novel “Pachinko” By Su-Young Kim, Cub-Reporter kimsuyoung1342@gmail.com Have you ever heard about the novel “Pachinko”? The author Min-Jin Lee wrote this book which is recognized worldwide. “Pachinko” shows the life of the Korean migrants in the Japanese colonial period. The discrimination that Korean residents in Japan received revealed is well. Therefore, I will introduce why Koreans began to live in Japan, how Korean residents lived in Japan, and what kind of hardships they endured. Why did Koreans begin to live in Japan? Korean Japanese are people who have lived in Japan since the Japanese colonial period. They acrossed the sea for livelihood or a compulsory manpower draft after the Second World War. Also, there are many reasons that Korean began to live in Japan. In the period of the Daehan Empire, Korean students went to Japan to study. Since the Japanese colonial period, Koreans are beneficial to business because they do not have any obligatory military service in Japan, and also Japanese traders wanted Koreans who had patience. When the Pacific War broke out, the Japanese government gathered a lot of Japanese to participate in the war. Japanese labors were being dismiss and the Japanese government suggested that Japanese laborers be substituted with Koreans. Therefore, Koreans worked in Japan. However, the most of Japanese thought that Koreans took their jobs. How Korean migrants lived in Japan A lot of Korean migrants live in Osaka -which is a city of Japan because there are many munition factories. A lot of cheap labor power cause decrease of Koreans value. In wartime, Koreans worked at coal mines and munition factories. Koreans were faced with difficulties of communication and lack of infrastructures. Also, they suffered from harsh treat by Japanese’s superior thought. Korean migrants managed most of the pachinko store. Because of 1970s discrimination, they could not get normal jobs. Japanese companies did not hire Koreans, so they had no choice but to get service jobs or works that Japanese disliked. For these reasons, Koreans usually managed pachinko shops or worked with Japanese gangsters, Yakuza. Let me explain what pachinko is; it is a gambling machine that matches the same pictures with tiny ball. After Japan collapsed, pachinko was beginning to get famous in 1946 doing this by retired servicepersons. Korean migrants tried to adapt to life in Japan. However, they could not be settled psychologically. They were always foreigners to Japanese. During the Kanto Earthquake in 1923, Koreans were slaughtered due to rumors that they poisoned the well. They lived a painful life with all kinds of discrimination in Japan. Later, they were liberated in 1945, but those who failed to reach their home countries had to stay on in Japan.https://mindan.org/old/kr/front/newsDetail6d72.html?category=2&newsid=15198 <A picture which celebrates for opening new pachinko store in the Japan>https://vintagepachinko.com/product/reconditioned-1972-nishijin-pachinko-machine-known-as-dual-spinners/ <Image of Pachinko machine> The novel “Pachinko” author’s opinion The author of the novel “Pachinko”said she had lived in the United States as an immigrant, but she was able to grow well thanks to the kindness of others. On the other hand, shewrote this story because of her friend who suffered unfair discrimination from the Japanese.It is said that her intention in the novel is not to tell the Japanese that they are bad, but that they are dishonest about their country's history.https://library.ltikorea.or.kr/ebooks/300612 <The novelPachinko> These Korean Japanese’s life is part of our history. We must try not to forget them. Discrimination of Korean Japanese are problems that are progressing until now. Continuously concern for them is the most important thing. Also, we have to change our attitudes about foreign laborers in Korea. If we ignore them, and treat them unfairly, we are acting the same as if we do not care about the past. The happenings that deny history must not occur. Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbiccoRW5JM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4tnsBZ_KQo Pachinko, Min-Jin, Lee, 2017

• 작성일 2022-05-28
• 좋아요 Like 1

제 14 호 Sticking with Zero COVID-19 Led Shanghai to Lock Down

Kicker: WORLD Sticking with Zero COVID-19 Led Shanghai to Lock Down by Ji-Min Baek, Cub-reporter / Do-Hyuk Kim, Reporter pjm5875@naver.com / ndapple0921@gmail.com While the “Living with COVID-19” is trending around the world and the policies that have been tightened ever since COVID-19 first showed up are easing one by one, China is still insisting on complete eradication of the coronavirus. It is a policy that runs counter to all other nations around the globe.Before we dive into backgrounds and the reason why this policy is so stubborn, finding about Chinese-style quarantine should be preceded. The Chinese way of controlling over 1.3 billion Chinese people is to completely shutdown the area where COVID-19 patients appear, and also can be characterized by its merciless execution. Extensive tests deploying nucleic acid are being held for every single person living in the specific area combined with continuous isolation of close contacts and medical observations. The reason why China shows such Chinese-style quarantine characteristics is that it uses its own vaccines, so the infection prevention rate is known to be much lower than that of mRNA vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna. Also, in China, intensive care units are half that of Korea, and one-third of the U.S., that is lacking. Therefore, if COVID-19 patients occur on a large scale, it is difficult to handle them. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61461099 Why Zero Covid Policy? The reason why China is insisting on Zero Covid can be divided into three main aspects: economic, Chinese reality, and politics. When countries around the world suffered economic damage last year, China was an exception. China also has suffered some partial damage on domestic demands during the strict quarantine, but comparison between other regions and China made struck on Chinese economy considerably smaller and the scale of the problem seemed minute in terms of daily lives of Chinese citizens. In addition, as seen above, there is a medical resource problem in China. Medical resources in China are relatively more poor than advanced countries and are concentrated in large cities such as Shanghai and Beijing, so if a large-scale COVID-19 situation occurs, it cannot be properly handled. Finally there is the issue of politics. Living with COVID-19 is also being talked about in China. However, a famous Chinese doctor who brought up the story, was criticized as a “western front dog.” Opponents of living with COVID-19 in China are criticizing the living with COVID-19, emphasizing that China is better at controlling COVID-19 infections better than the West. https://www.npr.org/2022/03/27/1089107011/china-shanghai-covid-lockdown Ongoing Catastrophe in Shanghai Seems Endless Nationwide Zero-COVID policy made major cities of China to shut down indefinitely, and Shanghai could be no exception. Shanghai’s recent spread of COVID-19 exceeded a dangerous level, so the Chinese government had to get cracking. Because of this tenacious obsession on shrinking down the number of Chinese infections to zero, authorities of the Chinese Communist Party imposed a complete lockdown on Shanghai. This decision was first made on March 28th, and immediately became a hot potato worldwide while saturating headlines of major media globally because of Shanghai’s big share of the Chinese economy. Lockdown of Shanghai made more than twenty-six million people locked into their homes, all of factories placed in Shanghai had to shut their production lines, and public security officers began hunting down any mole trying to escape their cages. This shutdown was possible only because the Chinese government consists of a single Communist party, and they dictate all of pending issues nationwide. Chinese army began disguising in public security officers and soon surged on ruling downtown Shanghai as they wish being accompanied by violence. Video containing public security officers attacking an innocent, single person as a mob spread quickly on the internet, encouraging furious populations of Shanghai to eventually make some actions in groups as well. Families which haven’t stored enough food to withstand weeks prematurely are suffering from famine even today, which drove others around the globe completely shocked since it makes no sense in one of the biggest economic capitals in 2022. Shops selling leftover goods were stolen rapidly by people endangered with hunger, and the whole episode reminded us of a riot. Protests began occurring with people battering rice pots desperate for something to eat, but the Shanghai lockdown is not yet resolved currently. These peaceful yet effective protests wowed international society, bringing back memories of Tianmen Square in 1989. Despite Shanghai Being Overseas, Problems Belong to Us Too Lockdown not only made an impact on Shanghai residents, but also to South Korea and Koreans spending time in Shanghai as well. Because all of facilities even including that is directly liked to economy had to shut down, accessing major ports of Shanghai is denied for everyone. Ships currently locked in Shanghai’s ports are containing both raw materials for producing consumer goods and goods which are already ran through production, making product delivery cycle even longer than before. Korea’s top-selling automobile manufacturer Hyundai-Kia group reported that nearly all models currently on sale requires around one year of waiting to fetch key of the vehicle because of COVID-19, and things are just about to get even worse. Korean undergraduates studying in Shanghai and Korean workers which visited Shanghai for business trip are also locked in Shanghai alongside Chinese residents, too. In order to escape from Shanghai, foreigners must belong to an infection unable to be cured in China or death of family. Otherwise, there are no exception and Chinese authorities constantly refuse to return their passports they have collected when they entered China. When escaping from Shanghai is confirmed by the Chinese government, they should book a flight returning to Korea and get once again PCR test before they leave Shanghai. Hardships don’t end there, though. Returning flight is only available in morning on Monday or Friday and disinfected taxis that bring them to the airport leave them at night before the flight. They should spend the night at the airport without any proper facility for sleeping, experiencing lifestyle of homeless people. Shanghai lockdown firstly seemed like China’s domestic problem, but news soon revealed that our nation is under strong influence as well. COVID-19 has transformed our lives dramatically and differentiated the way global authorities deal with blocking its diffusion. Some nations, especially European countries, adopted “Living with COVID-19” policy earlier than others. China, by contrast, is still attempting to completely eradicate the coronavirus under their territory. Shanghai lockdown shows Chinese government’s eagerness to boast their superiority against democratic superpowers, but countless people are suffering because of their greed. We hope for the Shanghai lockdown to be resolved as soon as possible, and also the complete annihilation of COVID-19 virus comes true very soon. Sources: https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25023689 https://youtu.be/JE8kldn4Z-o https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2022/nwdesk/article/6369996_35744.html https://www.mk.co.kr/news/world/view/2022/04/377035 https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61461099 (Image) https://www.npr.org/2022/03/27/1089107011/china-shanghai-covid-lockdown (Image)

• 작성일 2022-05-27
• 좋아요 Like 2

제 14 호 All about the French Election 2022

Kicker: WORLD All about the French Election 2022 by Da-hwee Kim, Cub-reporter elfnme@naver.com French presidential election coverage on FRANCE 24 The French presidential election was held on the 10th (1st round) and 24th (2nd round) of April 2022, and Emmanuel Macron was re-elected as the president of France. You may have curiosity about the presidential electoral system in France at this point because it already seems quite different from ours. Therefore, in this article, we are going to dig into the French election from A to Z. Let’s figure out the basic concept of it first. And then, we’ll take some time to compare it with the Korean election system. Finally, we’ll analyze its significance and explore its impact on the world. What are the results of the 2022 French presidential election? The 2022 French presidential election marked the lowest turnout since 1969. According to the final tally, Emmanuel Macron was re-elected with 58.55% of the vote, beating Marine Le Pen, who received 41.45% of the vote. The interesting fact is that these two candidates have even faced each other in the 2017 presidential election. It is quite evident that the gap has narrowed significantly compared to the polls of the two candidates in the runoff polls of the two candidates right after the first vote in the presidential election five years ago, which were in the low 60% vs. high 30% range. Marine Le Pen suffered a total of three presidential failures, including this one, and Macron became the second president to win re-election after François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac. What is the difference between the French and Korean elections? The French presidential election is conducted by direct elections, in which the people are directly elected. The term of office is 5 years and can be renewed only once. Voting is largely divided into 1st and 2nd rounds. If there is a majority of valid votes on the first ballot, that candidate is directly elected president. However, if there is no majority on the first ballot, the two candidates receiving the most votes in the first ballot will be put on a run-off ballot. Looking at the domestic case, it can be seen that this is completely different. As we all know, in Korea, the elected person is decided by one round of voting. The fact that the president cannot be re-elected is also a big difference. What was the situation in the French presidential election? In the French presidential election, Emmanuel Macron of the centrist party En Marche (Advance) and Marine Le Pen of the far-right National Front (FN) faced each other. Since they made opposite promises in all fields, including economy and security, including EU and immigration policy, the direction of the election could be seen to change significantly depending on which candidate is elected as president. Unlike Macron, in the case of Le Pen, who is a far-right conservative candidate, there was a possibility that France, which had been involved in international affairs with an open attitude, would take a different path than in the past. Therefore, there were a lot of voices of concern about this. In a Europe in crisis following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the French have rejected candidates hostile to NATO, the European Union, the United States, and the fundamental value that all citizens should not be discriminated against because they are Muslim. According to French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian, the election results reflected a rallying to uphold the French people's values against France's narrow vision. French presidential election 2022 explained: Macron challenged by far-right Le Pen (nbcnews.com) Why is the French presidential election important? At this point, you may be wondering why the French presidential election is so important. It is because the French presidential election is considered one of the most important elections in the world. This is because of France's international status and influence. France, along with Germany and the United Kingdom, is a representative European power. Therefore, there is no doubt that the powers of the French president are considerable. Furthermore, France is one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council. The French president has great power in the international community. It is for this reason that the world's attention is focused on the French presidential election. How will this affect the world? To tell the truth, if Marine Le Pen had been elected, the whole game would have been greatly altered for sure. But with Macron's re-election, the risk was no longer needed. Nevertheless, there are still many hurdles that Macron must overcome, such as the Ukraine war, pandemic, or religious issues. No one knows what kind of situation the country and the world will face. Macron, who had been criticized for being wild and arrogant in his first administration, has hinted that the new government will show a more inclusive and understanding style of governance. It makes us anticipate a leap to a better future. Sources: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/24/world/europe/french-election-results-macron-le-pen.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/24/europe/french-election-results-macron-le-pen-intl/index.html https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/resultats/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election

• 작성일 2022-05-22
• 좋아요 Like 3

제 13 호 Ukraine / Russia Conflict

Kicker : WORLD (UKRAINE/RUSSIA CONFLICT) Ukraine / Russia Conflict Something Big Is Hiding Around the Corner Do-Hyuk Kim, Reporter ndapple0921@gmail.com Recently, the skyrocketing international oil price has marked a big impact on South Korea’s petrol prices, and several analysts have pointed out that the fundamental reason for rising oil price is because of escalating threats between Ukraine and Russia. Russia called up a big number of their army along the Ukrainian border, which is an anomalous decision since they haven’t made military collision after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Why is Russia making such an act against Ukraine, and how is the Western world responding including Ukraine? Let’s make a deep dive into this bleak situation and its background to find out. The atmosphere becoming strenuous between Ukraine and Russia began last November 11th. Putin decided to place some whopping ninety-two thousand soldiers near to the Ukraine border. This was an unusual movement from Russia, since Russia didn’t make any major military actions after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The biggest reason for Russia pulling out physical method without a glimpse of hesitation is mainly due to Putin’s eagerness to enlarge Russia’s power over East Europe, which naturally leads to putting Ukraine under Russian influence. Other nations in Eastern Europe were mostly out of Communism, making more friendly relationships with other European nations like the United Kingdom and France. Russia’s only left chance to remark themselves in Europe was Ukraine, and Ukraine, on the other hand, tried to jump into the bandwagon of capitalistic nations’ union. This led Putin into fury and desperateness, and Ukraine’s effort to join NATO constantly irritated Putin – finally making Russia to take genuine military action over Ukraine. Countries of Western society immediately criticized Putin’s Russia, warning Putin to stop threatening Ukraine for justifying their greediness only. During last December, despite Americans and United Nations keep pushing Putin to stop giving threats to Ukraine, Russia increasingly placed their armies and weapons right in front of the Ukrainian border. End of 2021 had no improvements over this strain between Americans which support Ukraine and Russia. Beginning of 2022 revealed that Russia’s black-ops was currently undergoing, Putin trying to bribe Ukraine’s government officials while trying to persuade them to stand on Russia’s side. Feared that war outbreak might really happen, each nations told their embassies and citizens to leave Ukraine as soon as possible. Putin went to Beijing to bring support from Xi Jinping – leader of a nation that shares same ideology over economic and politic decisions – and agreed to announce that NATO should stop to constantly expand their political power. This meant Russia has no thoughts of stopping this crisis before Ukraine and Americans hiding behind surrenders to them. South Korea also announced the highest possible warnings among all territories of Ukraine, prohibiting all tourists visiting Ukraine from February 13th. Great Britain followed this decision and the United States finally pulled the plug of their embassy of Ukraine on February 12th. Britain estimated over hundred and fifty thousand Russian soldiers are staying around the Ukrainian border, which is a big leap from ninety-two thousand three months ago. On February 22nd, Putin finally initiated an attack of Ukraine, and Russia officially showed off their covetousness to the entire world to take away Ukraine’s independence for swapping it into a Russian subordinate. Several intelligence agencies of Western nations warned of the high possibility of an attack over Ukraine within a few weeks during February as constant espionage of Russia on Ukrainian government officials told, but no one actually believed Russia would bring the war to Eastern Europe in the twenty-first century. Everyone was shocked how impudent Putin is, and is worrying this war could further spread into World War III. The president of United States Joe Biden immediately responded with strong messages calling for economic sanctions on the Russian government and banks. European nations also innitiated sanctions by Switzerland restricting Putin’s access to his own bank account created in Switzerland’s banks and United Kingdom freezing up Russian assets remaining in their country. South Korea decided to partially join this trend by banning Korean semiconductor products getting exported to Russia. Not only the government, but South Korean citizens are joining this move, too. Our record-breaking curling national team ‘Team Kim’ and entire teams belonging to Korean Curling Federation decided boycotting all of the upcoming match against Russian teams. Despite Putin beginning the war being high-spirited, progress of the war is not going as well as he hoped. Ukrainians gathered for a battle to keep them and their families’ lives to keep on going. The current Ukrainian president and former one recorded a video showing them armed to fight against Russia, which made a tremendous effect on Ukrainian citizens to fight back Russia. Russian army recorded more deaths than the Ukrainian army did, which is astonishing since the Ukrainians have hardly any advanced weapons as the Russians have. Fighting for their lives and fighting just for their duty made a remarkable difference, and the wave of world citizens hoping for peace in Ukraine may steadily force Putin to pull his army away from Ukrainian territory. Russia might be massively powerful and renowned as one of the strongest nations on earth, but even they can’t justify winning a flag in a war begun for no practical reasons. As everyone hopes, I wish this war between Ukraine and Russia can quickly come to a halt within a few days, and peace can be recovered. No more deceased people should be allowed in the 21st century via violence! Sources : https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ukraine https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/sports/sports_general/1033029.html https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60558048 (Picture)

• 작성일 2022-03-02
• 좋아요 Like 3